Comparing and Contrasting the Ideolodies of Booker T....

William Edward Burghard Du Bois and Booker Taliaferro Washington were both civil rights leaders of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Du Bois was born as a freeman in Massachusetts, he studied at Harvard University and became the first African American to earn a doctorate from Harvard. . Washington was born as a slave in Virginia, he worked in the salt mines while attending school, and later attended the Hampton Institute to learn trade skills. Although Du bois and Washington had the same goal of achiving equality, they sharply disagreed on strategies concerning voting rights, social change, education, and the role of the black man in the South, Washington had a gradual approach as opposed to Du Bois who wanted immediate equality.†¦show more content†¦Whereas Du Bois preferred African Americans to get an education, Washington preferred African Americans to learn trade skills. Du Bois and Washingtons approaches towards the role of the Black Man in the South differed sign ificantly. Du Bois believes that the role of the black man in the South was to archive higher education and gain as stated in The Negro Problem, intelligence, board sympathy, knowledge of the world that was and is, and of the relation of men to it. Du Bois furthermore believed that an African American should achieve greater education through college to become one the Talented Tenth that will lead African Americans to equality. Unlike Washington who believes that, the role of the black man in the South was to learn a trade skill that could be used to contribute to the economy. He also stated in The Atlanta Compromise Speech that, we began at the top instead of the bottom (Document 7) referring to the

The Abolition of the Feudal System in France Essay

In 1789, thousands of starving peasants abandoned the lands of their ancestors as the price of bread rose to eighty percent of the average peasant’s income (Kreis). Blazing buildings marked the path they took to the source of their woes in Paris. They attacked any food cart they passed. The outline of their skeleton could be seen from under their filthy, thread-bare clothing. Their impoverished condition had reached its climax. Their desperation led them to action. They over took the largest fortress in France, the Bastille, in search of weapons. Members of the Bourgeoisie had formed the National Assembly three weeks prior to the storming of the Bastille to begin to address the grievances of the peasants (Dabney). On August 4, the†¦show more content†¦The second decree demanded that all pigeon-houses be controlled by the citizens, allowing them to determine when the pigeons should be locked up and when they should be hunted (Roberts). Logically, the abolition of the â€Å"right to hunt and to maintain unenclosed warrens† followed (Roberts). The lord’s game stock, deer, rabbits, and other animals, continuously destroyed thousands of pounds of crops. In three years, the deer at Farcy ruined all but twenty of originally 500 peach trees planted there (Aveling). However, it was against the law for farmers to protect their fields by killing in the royal forests. The extremely harsh punishments for poaching started with hands being cut off and ended with death. Yet, some were desperate enough to take the risk for a small bowl of rabbit stew. The third decree forbade anyone, including lords, from hunting on any lands other than their own (Roberts). Royal forests and hunting rights were dissolved. The Assembly also promised to ask the King to pardon anyone guilty of poaching. With this rule, hunger rapidly decreased among the poor. The lower classes were as poverty-stricken as the French court was luxurious. Each lord had to ensure his f avor with King Louis XVI in order to keep his position. Nobles went to tremendous expenses to keep up appearances at all times; so each â€Å"hotel† where the nobles stayed was a miniature of any of the King’s twenty palaces. Nobles spent their whole livesShow MoreRelatedEssay on Louis XVI506 Words   |  3 PagesLouis XVI When Louis XVI became King of France in 1774, he was only 20 years old. As the years passed, he learned how to rule better. Then he began to make changes. He abolished the age old practice of feudalism. The calling of the Estates-General was another change in the French government which he introduced. When the monarchy was abolished, he saw it as something that would help his country. All of Louis actions were attempts to achieve one goal. Louis XVI tried to please the FrenchRead More National Constituent Assembly Essay1555 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscontent? The National Constituent Assembly solved some of Frances short term problems, but caused significant discontent due to its inability to resolve long term problems, that had been destroying France economically, politically and socially. There were some groups of society that were quite content with the reforms of the Constituent Assembly, such as a majority of the bourgeoisie, peasants who gained from the abolition of the Feudal system, and some members of the first and second Estate. HoweverRead More The Manifesto of the Communist Party Essay1346 Words   |  6 Pagesbourgeois. Marx claims that the â€Å"modern bourgeois society that has sprouted from the ruins of feudal society [†¦.] It has but established new classes, new conditions of oppression (Marx).† During the feudal period, the feudal lords monopolized industry. As time progressed, this system was insufficient for the growing needs of the nation. A new manufacturing system took the place of the monopoly system and soon provided for the natural evolution of the capitalist class. Due to increasedRead MoreNational Constituent Assembly1583 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscontent? The National Constituent Assembly solved some of Frances short term problems, but caused significant discontent due to its inability to resolve long term problems, that had been destroying France economically, politically and socially. There were some groups of society that were quite content with the reforms of the Constituent Assembly, such as a majority of the bourgeoisie, peasants who gained from the abolition of the Feudal system, and some members of the first and second Estate. HoweverRead MoreThe Hundred Years War And Feudal Society1138 Words   |  5 PagesThe Hundred Years’ War and Feudal Society Why did the feudal order of Medieval society fall apart? The feudal order of the Middle Ages was a system of local rule, where powerful lords gave land and protection in exchange for loyalty and military service from lesser lords. Tradition dictated that this exchange would be held in place by the feudal contract, consisting of multiple pledges. This resulted in small communities consisting of one powerful lord, peasants, and serfs who worked for the lordRead MoreThe Hundred Years War And Feudal Society1636 Words   |  7 PagesThe Hundred Years’ War and Feudal Society Why did the feudal order of Medieval society fall apart? The feudal order of the Middle Ages was a system of local rule, where powerful lords gave land and protection in exchange for loyalty and military service from lesser lords. Tradition dictated that this exchange would be held in place by the feudal contract, consisting of multiple pledges. This resulted in small communities consisting of one powerful lord, peasants, and serfs who worked for the lordRead MoreThe French Revolution1751 Words   |  8 Pageshumiliating France in the Seven Years War, rising food prices (Hart-Davis 302). They had also been the laughing stock of France due to the fact that they couldn’t have a child for years and Louis XIV was short and fat, not necessarily fitting the mold of a king. They didn’t like Marie Antoinette because of her various, expensive indulgences while her country was starving (The French Revolution). The revolution started in 1789 when the 3rd estate decided they had had enough of the system. The LegislativeRead MoreThe Feudal System Of The Middle Ages Of England1066 Words   |  5 PagesThe Feudal System in the Middle Ages of England was not the best system of government to go by for everyone since it gave most of its power to the King, and made it impossible for the lower class to improve themselves economically. People of higher rank expected the lower ranks of society to pledge their loyalty to them and in turn, protected them. There came a time where everybody became tired of never progressing, and people started to do something about it. The end to Feudalism did not just happenRead MoreWas Napoleon the Child of the Revolution?1319 Words   |  6 Pagesin fact a child of the revolution you must first look at both sides of the argument. You must first ask yourself, what one means by the Revolution. In the history of France there was not just one Revolution, but a series of revolutions as the French struggled to create a new political an d social system that would better France and make all of it s people united and equal under law. By the Revolution does one mean the revolution of Barnave or Mirabeau, or maybe the revolution of Lafayette,Read MoreNo One Factor Was Directly Responsible For The French Revolution1116 Words   |  5 PagesNo one factor was directly responsible for the French Revolution. Years of feudal oppression and fiscal mismanagement contributed to a French society that was ripe for revolt. The economical downturn may have been the kickstarter that began the revolution as the taxes rose higher and outrage at the crown heightened. The economy began to destabilise in the late 1700s, and the king decided to bring in financial advisers to look at the weakened French treasurey. Each adviser gave the king the same

Megan. free essay sample

They say dreamers are born, not made—but here’s my question: how many of these dreamers die the way they were born? Reality beats our dreams out at a young age—only those who fight for their dreams ever see them fulfilled. During childhood, I loved horses. Seventeen years later, I still love them. By age six, I dreamed of becoming a horse trainer. At age 17, I’m making it happen. Years of harassment, doubt, and obstacles have not taken the dream out of me. Strong. This is a word that means Megan. I see parents handing their children everything. I see people taking, and never giving. I see people searching for shortcuts—anything to make the task easier. But I want nothing to do with it. I’ve been blessed with a good life surrounded by horses, and am proud to say there are hours of work and dedication behind it. We will write a custom essay sample on Megan. or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I work six days a week year round. I’m a waitress, a cleaning lady, and a student. Determined. This is a word that means Megan. It’s hard to find real people anymore. It’s difficult to discover individuals who like to claim responsibility, take charge, or be reliable. I’m not incredible at anything—I’m decent at everything. But who cares if you’re decent at lacrosse, decent in English, or decent at serving? Rounded people are overlooked, like pearls amongst a selection of diamonds. But I refuse to go unnoticed. Determined. Strong. Rounded. These are words that mean Megan.

How To Make Scrambled Eggs Essay Example

How To Make Scrambled Eggs Paper A staple of almost every American breakfast, scrambled eggs are enjoyed by many every day. But, Im sure everyone has experienced a bad batch of scrambled eggs. To avoid this truly unfortunate happenstance, lovers of the scrambled egg should learn how to make delicious, fluffy eggs each time without fail. There are many different ways to go about this, and one method I use when preparing eggs of the finest quality has yet to fail me. First, you must obtain your ingredients. You will need 3-4 eggs, about 1/3 cup of milk, butter, salt and pepper to taste, and optionally, cheese. Personally, I add about two tablespoons of cheese to my mixture, Just out of preference. The milk will keep the eggs from getting too dry and will make them fluffy. The butter is used to grease the pan Beat the eggs until they are well mixed and almost foamy. Now add milk, salt, pepper, and the optional cheese. Beat only a few more strokes to blend well. While you are beating the eggs, you should have a pan on medium-high heat with a pat of butter to grease. Once your pan Is heated up, you may add the egg mixture to It. As the eggs cooks, continuously stir and flip them. We will write a custom essay sample on How To Make Scrambled Eggs specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How To Make Scrambled Eggs specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How To Make Scrambled Eggs specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This step is crucial when making the difference between an omelet and scrambled eggs. If they are not continuously stirred, the entire batch with cook Into one big omelet. As you stir and flip, you should see Individual lumps of cooked egg as you go along. When they are to the consistency and tenderness of your liking, you may remove them from the pan and enjoy. These eggs are perfect for an everyday breakfast. Or, If youre ever feeling like a nice Brenner, (breakfast for dinner) theyre great as well. I guarantee your egg-loving family and friends will adore them and lull be remembered as an egg-traditional cook from then on. How To Make Scrambled Eggs By Alexis-Cambridge pan on medium-high heat with a pat of butter to grease. Once your pan is heated up, you may add the egg mixture to it. As the eggs cooks, continuously stir and flip scrambled eggs. If they are not continuously stirred, the entire batch with cook into one big omelet. As you stir and flip, you should see individual lumps of cooked egg as breakfast. Or, if youre ever feeling like a nice Brenner, (breakfast for dinner) theyre youll be remembered as an egg-traditional cook from then on.

Literature review with annotated bibliography Essays - Free Essays

Literature review with annotated bibliography Essays - Free Essays Literature review with annotated bibliography Name: Student No#: 141639 Unit Name: Tertiary Music Studies Lecturers name: Title: Literature review with annotated bibliography Paul Taylor Assessment No#: Due Date: Week 6, Assessment 1 5pm Friday, 17th October 2014 Many people have accredited Brian Epstein for The Beatles worldwide success, yet it seems that he has been overlooked as an inductee into the Rock n Roll Hall of Fame Non- Performer Area for over 29 years. This review will focus on 3 major things Epstein did to help the Beatles success which emerge repeatedly throughout the literature reviewed. These are: His absolute belief in the band, his vision for the bands image, and the Beatles musicality. This paper will primarily focus on whether Epstein contribution to The Beatles success merits a place in the Rock n Roll Hall of Fame Non-Performer Area. According to Spitz (2005) and Riley (2011) there are two different theories about how Epstein was introduced to the music of the Beatles. Epstein himself states that he was first introduced to the Beatles from a customer Raymond Jones when he requested a copy of My Bonnie from the NEMS record store that Epstein managed as part of the family business. I had never [before] given a thought to any of the Liverpool beat groups then up and coming [sic] in the cellar clubs (Spitz, 2005, p.266). While Riley (2011) argues that Epstein knew about the Beatles long before he let on. As a prominent record store manager, Epstein regularly advertised in Mersey Beats and was also a columnist in the music driven newspaper. Riley (2011) suggests that Epstein wanted his Beatlemaniac readers to believe that he didnt read anything in Mersey Beats except his own ads (Riley, 2011, p.141). Regardless of the way Epstein discovered the Beatles, the one thing no one can deny is his immediate attraction to the band and the belief that they would be one of the best. I was immediately struck by their music, their beat, and their sense of humour on stage. And even afterwards when I met them again I was struck again by their personal charm. And it was there that really it all started (Lewis, n.d, para 7). Almost a month after the Beatles had signed a management deal with Epstein, he was becoming rather disappointed in there stage presence, appearance, and there abilty to sequence set of songs during a live show. Spitz states He insisted on some ground rules. From now on, eating onstage was out; so was smoking and punching one another, cursing, chatting up girls, taking requests, and sleeping. Lateness would no longer be tolerated In addition to the above, the Beatles were required to post their set lists beforehand and this provoked heated debate bow after each number. And not just a casual nod a big, choreographed bow, which, by a silent count, was delivered smartly and on cue Later on, he would convince the others of the wisdoms in wearing suits (Spitz, 2005, p.280) Lewis concurs that He got the Beatles out of their mid-1950s leather and jeans look and into very stylish early 1960s mod suits. Without that they would have never got on TV shows in that era (Lewis, n.d, para 11). There was no denying that there new image played a major role in their rise to the top of the industry. Without this vast change, the Beatles career could have been immensely different. The point that many historians miss is that Epsteins makeover was just from a visual perspective. The Beatles sound was their own. The decision to not interfere with the Beatles music is considered one of the best decisions that Epstein made. According to Liverpool Historian Spencer Leigh, Epstein biggest triumph was in leaving the Beatles music alone (Riley, 2011, p.153) However, Epstein did influence the Beatles when it came to single releases. During the release of A Hard Days Night Epstein pushed to have Cant Buy Me Love released as single instead of Roll Over Beethoven. This song went on to reach No.1 in the US. Dolloff states The very idea of a group writing all of the music and lyrics themselves was unheard of in the early 1960s, but Epstein insisted on it (Dolloff, 2013, para

Biography of Dave Eggers

Biography of Dave Eggers Dave Eggers was born in Boston, Massachusetts on March 12, 1970. The son of a lawyer and a school teacher, Eggers grew up largely in Lake Forest, Illinois, in the Chicago suburbs. Eggers studied journalism at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign before both his parents died suddenly, his mother of stomach cancer and his father from brain and lung cancer, the circumstances of which are described in detail in Eggers highly acclaimed memoir, A Heartbreaking Work of Staggering Genius. Early Life and Writing Career After the death of his parents, Eggers moved to Berkeley, California with his eight-year-old younger brother, Toph, who Eggers was now responsible for raising. While Toph attended school, Eggers worked for a local newspaper. During this time, he worked for Salon.com and co-founded Might Magazine. In 2000, Eggers published A Heartbreaking Work of Staggering Genius, his memoir of his parents deaths and his struggle to raise his younger brother. Chosen as a Pulitzer Prize finalist for Nonfiction, it became an instant bestseller. Eggers has since written You Shall Know Our Velocity (2002), a novel about two friends who travel around the world attempting to give away a large sum of money, How We Are Hungry (2004), a collection of short stories, and What is the What (2006), the fictionalized autobiography of a Sudanese Lost Boy which was a finalist for the 2006 National Book Critics Circle Award for Fiction. Other work that Dave Eggers has had a hand in include a book of interviews with inmates once sentenced to death and later exonerated; a best-of collection of humor from McSweeneys Quarterly Concern,  which Eggers co-wrote with his brother, Toph; and the screenplay for the 2009 film version of Where the Wild Things Are, which Eggers co-wrote with Spike Jonze,  and the screenplay for the 2009 movie  Away We Go  with his wife, Vendela Vida. Publishing, Activism, and Screenwriting The best work that Eggers has done has not been as a writer, but as a publishing entrepreneur and activist. Eggers is well known as the founder of the independent publisher McSweeneys and the literary magazine The Believer, which is edited by his wife, Vendela Vida. In 2002, he co-founded the 826 Valencia project, a writing workshop for teens in San Franciscos Mission District that has since evolved into 826 National, with writing workshops springing up around the country. Eggers is also the editor of The Best American Nonrequired Reading series that sprung from the aforementioned writing workshops. In 2007, Eggers was awarded the $250,000 Heinz Award for Arts and Humanities, recognizing his numerous contributions in this category. The money all went to 826 National. In 2008, Dave Eggers was awarded the TED Prize, a $100,000 award towards Once Upon a School, a project designed to get people involved locally with schools and students. Books by Dave Eggers A Heartbreaking Work of Staggering Genius (2000)You Shall Know Our Velocity (novel) (2002)How We Are Hungry (2004)(2005)(2006)What is the What (2006)Zeitoun (2009)The Wild Things (2009)

Sex Education Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sex Education - Research Paper Example Children are curious about sex.† (Sex Education at Home). The changing social and cultural conditions have made a huge impact on the minds of the people and more so among teenagers. There are a lot of issues pertaining to the development of teenagers particularly with regard to their sexual development. One of the most commonly encountered problems by the teenagers of today deals with their sexual desires and the age at which it is expressed. Teen pregnancy has also risen worldwide over the years which is mainly attributed to the lack of knowledge about abstaining from sex at very young age and the precautions that can be taken if in case they engage in sex. Teenage pregnancy is associated with the risk of sexually transmitted diseases, low-birth weight children, and in addition also affects the studies and subsequent career of teenagers. This has resulted in an increased dependence on sex education to help young children learn about sex (Rector and Johnson). With the rapid gro wth in information, the term sex is being often used in today’s world. ... One of the major recent problems associated with early expression of sexual desires is teen pregnancy. These issues have stressed the need and importance of sex education both at home and educational institutions in order to ensure good reproductive health and general wellbeing of children. Sex education in schools becomes even more warranted in cases where parents do not have appropriate education and resources to guide their children. It is the moral right of every child, especially girls, to be provided with sex education as it will help to prevent unwarranted pregnancies, sexually transmitted diseases and conditions such as suicide (Gabriela Women’s Party). It has been widely believed that youth should abstain from making decisions about their sexual preferences until they are at least 18 years of age or in other words till they complete their high school as research suggest that such children are able to perform better in their academics and are less likely to become scho ol-drop outs. It has been shown that children expelled from school due to the poor performance are less likely to do well in their life as they are left with little success in all their endeavors (Rector and Johnson). This has led to an increased focus on sex education for children right from a young age. Many people have argued against detailed sex education for children with the fear that they may negatively influence them. However, frightening people about sex and sexual practices have not helped them understand the morality of sex. â€Å"Attempts to impose narrow moralistic views about sex and sexuality on young people through sex education have failed.† Only

Chekhov Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chekhov - Assignment Example 299). Byelikov is a protagonist of the story, â€Å"Man in a Case†. He was a teacher of classical language in a provincial school. To describe the character of Byelikov, the phrase out of the box would not be compatible but to call him a man in the box would be the most befitting phrase to describe his personality. In the story, Burkin narrates the tragic life and character of Byelikov to his colleague, Ivan Ivanovitch. And it is through his eyes that we get a gaze of the boxed man in the story, Byelikov. By nature Byelikov was solitary in temperament and was unsocial to a great extent. He was so irritating in his nature that his colleagues used to call him a spider and Burkin compared him to a hermit crab or snail and even to our pre-historic ancestors, who were contended being inside their respective dens (Chekhov, 2004, p. 299). His physical appearance was also symbolic that he always preferred to hide himself and his emotions from the outside world. Many people are introve rt but Byelikov’s nature was extraordinarily evident even through his body appearance (Chekhov, 2004, p. 300). Byelikov always put goloshes and a warm waded coat. He always carried an umbrella. His umbrella was always kept inside a case. He also kept his watch inside a case which was made of grey chamois leather.

Oedipus Rex Essay Example for Free

Oedipus Rex Essay â€Å"Fear? What should a man fear? It’s all chance, chance rules our lives. Not a man on earth can see a day ahead, groping through the dark. Better to live at random, best we can.† (lines 1068-1072) The themes of fate and light and darkness are prominent in Oedipus Rex, a play written in ancient Greece by the famous poet Sophocles. Oedipus was a powerful Greek king and was notable for his compassion, sense of justice and his swiftness of thought and action. Unfortunately for him, his life fell ill when the prophecy of his birth came true. Throughout the play, the audience experiences a series of emotions. They experience pity, fear, and anger. At the end of the play, the audience may or may not experience a katharsis, a cleansing or purgation of emotions. The dispute between whether Oedipus should be viewed as a victim or merely a part of the gods manifesting their power and thereby teaching man a lesson is a common argument still in literature today. As many members of an audience believe, Oedipus can appear as having been victimized by the prophecy stricken upon him at birth. Oedipus, being born into such a horrible predicament, had no choice but to live his life as he did always afraid of the horrible outcome of his fate. His parents Laius and Jocasta chose to selfishly bind there son’s feet together and abandon him as a way of making sure they would never see him again and never be vulnerable to the day that Oedipus’ prophecy would come true. Therefore, the emotion of pity arises in the audience and Oedipus is viewed as a victim of a very tragic fate. However, it is important to consider whether he inflicted more agony into his life by trying to fight against his fate. Were the gods punishing Oedipus and ultimately all of mankind because of his retaliation? If so, not only was Oedipus punished, but also his parents were for interfering with the gods’ plans. Oedipus suffered the consequence of losing his sight and his mother committed suicide because of her shame and embarrassment. Today, some view the idea of fate as something planned by a greater being and for human beings, out of our control. For Oedipus and his parents, they thought that they could change their fate but as an outcome and consequence for disrespecting the gods, there was no way to escape it. As Oedipus eagerly attempted to uncover the truth about his fate, acting decisively and deliberately refusing to shield himself from the truth. Although we see Oedipus as a playing-piece of fate, the irony becomes so magnified that it seems as if Oedipus was willingly bringing catastrophe upon himself. In one of Oedipus’ speeches, he declares that when he discovers the truth he will excommunicate the murderer from Thebes and punish him severely. Ironically, Oedipus is the murderer himself that he spoke so viciously about and he leaves Thebes and blinds himself after he finds that Jocasta has hanged herself. Despite the many character flaws that Oedipus withholds, such as quickness to anger, stubbornness, ignorance and arrogance, rather than viewing his fate as a natural result of the virtues and vices of his character, Oedipus teaches mankind a lesson in humility. Like many tragedies, Oedipus Rex teaches a lesson of morality to the audience. It teaches the audience that it is better to be humble and that even if you are a good leader, it does not necessarily mean that you are a good person. Oedipus Rex also teaches that no matter your past or what you do to change your fate, it will always catch up to you somehow. â€Å"People of Thebes, my countrymen, look on Oedipus. He solved the famous riddle with his brilliance, he rose to power, a man beyond all power. Who could behold his greatness without envy? Now what a black sea of terror has overwhelmed him. Now as we keep our watch and wait the final day, count no man happy till he dies, free of pain at last.† (lines 1678-1684) These words, spoken by the chorus, form the ending of Oedipus Rex. The chorus announces that even though Oedipus solved the riddle of the Sphinx, he was never happy with his life and his fate and he caused his own fall. Rather than a victim to his fate, he was the antagonist to his fate.

Information Technology Essay -- Telecommunication

Background Chapter Developments in computer and information technologies have created spaces wherein peoples across the world regardless of time and physical place can interact anytime and anywhere, thus, reshaping human interaction in the contemporary period (Whitworth, Banuls, Sylla & Mahinda , 2008). Recognising the integral significance of the development, it has been observed that in the last two decades, almost fifty percent of new capital investments of organisations are invested in information technology (Westland & Clark, 2000) and, as such, the computer and information technology is deemed as critical in the survival of businesses in the global market economy (Whitworth et al., 2008). In the same manner, keeping up with developments in information technology is also the concern of countries around the globe, not only because it is the platform that defines the contemporary the condition of the global society, but also because it is a competitive advantage that drives economic growth and development in the country (Dunning, 1992). In this regard, even the oil rich country, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), has encouraged telecommunications investments as part of the diversification economic program of the country (CIA Fact Book, 2011). In fact, due to continued expansion of domestic economy and increase in population, the telecommunication sector of Saudi Arabia has pegged the interests of both the foreign investors and local capitalists (World Report on Investments, 2010). The Telecommunications Industry Among the Gulf Cooperation Countries (GCC), Saudi Arabia has the largest telecommunication market (Al-Shaikh, Malick & Chahine, 2009). The growth of Saudi Arabia’s telecommunication industry is attributed to the ... ...13 billion. Mobily launched its services in May 2005, ending the year with 2.3 million subscribers, constituting 16% of the Saudi mobile market. By the end of 2008, we estimate that the company reached a 38% mar ¬ket share, with 13.02 million active subscribers. The company was the first to introduce Blackberry services and the iPhone in Saudi Arabia. It was also the first mobile Saudi operator to introduce value-added services such as MMS(picture messaging), location-based services (LBS), international roaming for prepaid subscribers, GPRS/GPRSEDGEroaming, and other services (Que et al., 2009). Mobily was the first Saudi wireless operator to launch in-flight calls abroad, through Aero Mobile, a specialized aviation mobile operator. It also initiated the first video mail service in KSA and pioneered the launch of 3.5G services in KSAin June 2006 (Que et al., 2009).

Christchurch Earthquake Essay

On Tuesday 22nd of February 2011 there was a 6.3 magnitude earthquake at 12:51pm. The damage in Christchurch was far more substantial than the damage caused in the 7.1 earthquake only 5 months before. 185 people were killed in the February earth quake and thousands more were injured. The epicentre of the earthquake was very close to Lyttelton and only 10 kilometres out from Christchurch Central city. The fault line that ruptured and caused the earth quake was the 15 kilometre fault along the southern edge of the city from Cashmere to Avon Heathcoat estuary. The build-up of stress or pressure in the rocks below Christchurch The earth is made up of many tectonic plates. It is the movement of these plates that has created the geographical features of many countries. New Zealand lies on the boundary between two of these plates: The Pacific Plate and the Australian Plate. This boundary is most obvious along the Southern Alps. From this main fault there are many smaller ones spreading outwards. Some of these spread into Canterbury. Before the 2010 and 2011 earthquakes it was not thought that there were any significant fault lines near Christchurch. Now we know there are. Stress is not caused by the movement of tectonic plates, but more by when the edges of the plates jam against each other and stop moving. The pressure builds up behind the part that has jammed. Eventually the pressure is so great that the plate moves suddenly and this causes earthquakes. The build-up of stress and the sudden movement when the stress is released shakes the rocks deep under Christchurch. The fault lines under and near the city shake, causing the rocks to move. This causes the major earthquakes.The outer core of the earth is layer of molten rock. On top of this is the mantle. On top of the mantle is the earth’s crust that we live on. The mantle gets very hot and in thin places molten rock rises to its top. Because of this hot and cold relationship, the crust on top is broken into tectonic plates. The movement of molten rock causes energy to be moved upwards into the crust. When the crust can no longer hold this energy, it moves along the boundaries of the tectonic plates. These boundaries are the weakest parts of the crust and will therefore be the first bits to break and move. Release of stress The Port Hills fault line that caused the 6.3 magnitude earth quake in February was 15km long and stretched east to north east along from Cashmere to the Avon Heathcoat estuary. The fault line that caused the Feb 22 quake was one that was previously unknown close to the Port Hills. This fault line did not break the earth’s surface, so there was nothing visible for scientists to go and look at. Using instruments that measure earthquakes and earth movement scientists were able to determine exactly where this fault was and that the bit that actually moved, causing the earthquake was 15km long. Fault lines are the weakest part of the earth’s crust. When there is stress caused underneath by movement, the fault lines are the first part to move. It is a bit like a piece of glass: if there is a crack in the glass that will be the first place where the glass will break. So pressure is released under the earth’s crust. The earth’s crust will actually hold a lot of t his pressure. When the pressure becomes too much for the crust to hold, the fault lines are the first bits to move. One of the ways scientists measure and record the fault movement was through the displacement of GPS stations, whose displacements were used to create the fault slip model. http://www.gns.cri.nz/Home/Our-Science/Natural-Hazards/Recent-Events/Canterbury-quake/Hidden-fault The transmission of energy through the earths crust The energy released when a fault line moves is like a stone being dropped in a puddle of water. It causes ripples to move out from the centre. The ripples are worst nearest the centre and they get smaller as they get to the edge of the puddle. The centre of an earthquake is the epicentre. When energy is released at an epicentre, waves of energy move outwards, causing the ground to shake. As the epicentre of the Christchurch earthquakes was quite close to the city, the energy that caused the ground to move under Christchurch was violent. If the epicentre had been further away the quakes would have felt smaller.There was movement up, down and sideways during the February quake. The block of land on the south side of the fault line rose about 2.5 metres – this included the Port Hills. The land on this side of the fault also moved westwards. The land on the north side of the fault moved eastwards towards the sea. However, much of this movement was underground. The land has risen as much as 40 centimetres around the western side of the Avon-Heathcote estuary.The amount the Port hills has risen  varies a lot , under Lyttelton Harbour it has risen about 5 centimetres but at the base of the hills near the Heathcote valley, it has risen to a maximum of around 25 centimetres. As a result of the fault slip, areas like Bexley, Aranui, Wainoni, Avondale and New Brighton have sunk, mostly by less than 15 centimetres. Northern, northeastern and central areas of Christchurch have also sunk, but generally by less than 5 centimetres. Earth quakes / fault movements are measured with a sensitive instrument called a seismograph. Earth quakes generate seismic waves and the seismograph is used to detect them. The magnitude of an earthquake depends on how big or small the fault is and the amount it has slipped. The seismograph shows the recordings made on the seismographs detected at the surface of the earth to determine how large the earthquake was. A short wiggly line that doesn’t move very much means a small earthquake, and a long wiggly line that wiggles a lot means a large earthquake. Through the seismograph we get the Richter scale. The Richter scale is a scale used for expressing the magnitude of an earthquake based on the height of the largest shake 100km from the epicentre. There are different types of seismic waves that can be detected; there are P waves and S waves (primary and secondary) P-waves are travel at the greatest velocity through the earth making them the first waves to be recorded on a seismograph during an earthquake. S waves are transverse waves that travel slower than P waves but are more destructive because of their large amplitude. The effects on man-made structures and aftershocks Liquefaction is a substance where strength and stiffness of a soil is reduced by tectonic plates shifting or other rapid movement. Liquefaction occurs in sodden soils. The water applies a pressure on the soil particles this controls how tightly the particles are pressed together. Before an earthquake, the water pressure is relatively low. However when the tectonic plates start shaking it can cause the water pressure to build up to the point where the soil particles can readily move. Some Areas of Christchurch are more prone to others as some suburbs have up to 9cm of liquefiable substances such as sand and soft soil. These substances turn into liquefaction easily as they mix well with the water underground. Costal areas are also more prone as the soft sand mixes well with the water also. There was more damage caused by liquefaction in the central city and eastern  suburbs than other places simply because it depends on the soil. Since Christchurch is built on marsh land our soil is very susceptible to liquefaction and there is very little we can do to stop it. Some Areas of Christchurch are more prone to others as some suburbs have up to 9cm of liquefiable substances such as sand and soft soil. These substances turn into liquefaction easily as they mix well with the water underground. Costal areas are also more prone as the soft sand mixes well with the water also. Most buildings that survived the Christchurch earth quake were wooden because when wood is shaken it is able to bend and twist with the movement, whereas for bricks and stone they can’t move at all and just have to absorb the shock of the shaking which generally leads to buildings collapsing all together E.g. Christchurch Cathedral, CTV building and Knox church. Buildings like the Christchurch Women’s Hospital survived through the September and February earthquake because its foundations are base isolated. Base isolation is when a building is separated from the ground that it is built on. Large plates separate the ground and the building. One plate is secured to the ground and the other is secured to the bottom of the building. During an earth quake these plates only move a little bit, absorbing mos t of the shock from the earthquake minimizing damage to the rest of the building. Also depends on the soil under the building, if it is prone to liquefaction or not. Some houses had liquefaction coming up through their floors damaging the foundations so much they had to leave their homes, and basements of office buildings or apartment blocks were flooded with liquefaction, making them un-use able.A tsunami didn’t occur after the Christchurch earth quake because the epicentre was in land and no seismic energy was released under the sea. Tsunamis only happen when the epicentre is in the sea, making the energy from the earth quake ripple the water on to land. The bigger the earth quake is, the bigger the tsunami. Aftershocks? After shocks are a lots of smaller earth quakes that happen after the initial earth quake. They occur because the fault line that ruptured needs to settle down again and release stress, aftershocks are the fault lines way of releasing remaining energy. According to http://www.christchurchquakemap.co.nz/february there have been 8673 after  shocks since February 22nd 2011 as of Monday 19th May 2014. Including after shocks that have been so big they are classed as an earth quake of their own like the 13th of June 2011 and the 23rd of December 2011. After shocks do not occur in the exact same place, but they do occur along the same fault line and in the same region. The main earthquake has already happened and released most of its energy already, but further along the fault line the rocks are now out of place and the grinding between them causes more earthquakes (aftershocks). Bibliography http://www.ipenz.org.nz/IPENZ/forms/pdfs/ChChFactSheets-Answers-critical-questions-buildings.pdf http://keithwoodford.wordpress.com/2011/02/27/understanding-the-christchurch-earthquake-building-damage/ http://scienceblogs.com/startswithabang/2013/05/10/where-does-an-earthquakes-energy-come-from/ www.scoop.co.nz/stories/SC1103/S00054/the-canterbury-earthquakes-scientific-answers.htm http://www.mona.uwi.edu/earthquake/quickinfo.php http://all-geo.org/highlyallochthonous/2011/02/magnitude-6-3-earthquake-rocks-christchurch/ http://www.gns.cri.nz/Home/Our-Science/Natural-Hazards/Recent-Events/Canterbury-quake/Hidden-fault http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_ground_acceleration http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/SC1103/S00054/the-canterbury-earthquakes-scientific-answers.htm http://file.stuff.co.nz/stuff/12-51/ http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/historic-earthquakes/page-13

Persuasive Speech about Prayer in Public Schools Essay

Ladies and Gentlemen all protocol observed, I would like to tell you the facts behind the reason why I am against prayers in public schools. Prayer in public schools should no be allowed since it is inconsiderate of the different religions that are represented in the school. Public schools host people from all religions since they are cheaper hence affordable. When the prayers are done they are biased against the religion with minor representation in the school hence it is better if prayer was abolished in school. When prayers for one religion are done, the other religions feel oppressed discriminated against and they have a feeling of inferiority. It feels like the school administration is trying to force the students to join their religion. The school administration should advocate the elimination of prayer to avoid cases where the students feel discriminated. The students will feel like they are forced to worship (Sommer 1984). Instead of conducting prayers in public school each student should be allowed to pray on their own. This way the school will be respecting all religions since all students will have freedom of worship and they will feel appreciated. Even though some of the schools acknowledge all religions, they tend to allocate less time to the prayers of the religions with minor representation. At times the public schools do not even recognize the religious holidays of the religions that have minor representation. Some of the prayers that are done too do not show the serious that religion requires and some people prefer not praying instead of praying in a way that will leave other offended. There are some people who believe that they should only conduct personal prayers the people prefer praying for themselves (Lindorfer 2004). When prayers are conducted in school by a person who is not in the same religion with another, since there is the feeling of indifference between the two parties, divisions could arise in extreme cases that could disrupt the education process in the school as a result of strikes. Ladies and gentlemen, with these issues at hand, I suggest that prayers should be eliminated from public schools and all students should pray on their own. This way the unity among students will be enhanced since religious differences will be avoided and all students will coexist in peace (religionandpoliticsgeek 2008). In those schools that all students share one religion, there are different denominations and all people fight to have their denomination as the superior. An example is where a catholic would like to conduct a prayer in their way and a Presbyterian too will want prayers conducted the way they do it in their place of worship. As a result when the prayers are conducted in one way, they other student will feel that their denomination is not appreciated. With the emergence of very many churches, it is advisable to eliminate prayer in public schools to avoid cases where the students rise against each other based on prayer (Rollins 1998). With those facts, I would request all of you to join me in advocating for abolition of prayer in public schools.

Week 2 Discussion Example

Week 2 Discussion Example Week 2 Discussion – Coursework Example The US legal Adversarial Functions Project The US legal system is adversarial through the interpretation of laws and advising the government institutions. This implies that the legal system undertakes the role of scrutinizing different segments of the constitution to avoid conflicts and breach of pertinent privileges. The US legal system also undertakes the adversarial duty is by guiding the government and private agencies on their roles in protecting the laws (Kagan, 2011). For instance, the US legal system can advise the executive concerning foreign policies or treaties. It can also offer advise the legislature on the constitutional sections that require amendments or repeals. The US legal system performs in adversarial matters through arbitrary functions between conflicting parties. This should involve a neutral approach to the matter with a view of reaching a professional and amicable solution (Kagan, 2011). A forensic psychology professional should be trustworthy to ensure that they correct injustices in the legal system. It is always appropriate to point out areas that may cause constitutional breaches by being truthful and accurate. The other attribute that would be helpful for forensic psychology professionals is being cautious (Kubicek, 2010). This is because some matters may require keen consideration of matters before disclosing them to the public domain. A forensic psychology professional should know the right timing of disclosing information to the public. This helps in avoiding confrontation or demonstration by the members of the public. It is vital to participate in forensic adversarial duties with adequate knowledge of law and legal matters (Kubicek, 2010). It is unprofessional to undertake forensic psychology examination by an individual who does not understand the tenets of the law.ReferencesKagan, R. A. (2011). Adversarial legalism: The American way of law. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.Kubicek, T. L. (2010). Adversarial justice: Americas court system on trial. New York: Algora Pub. Week 2 Discussion Example Week 2 Discussion – Coursework Example Weighing Chief Concerns al Affiliation) Weighing Chief Concerns According to Brown, the dilemma between selectingindividuals who will be good officers and weeding out potentially bad officers is an issue concerning Pre-Employment Psychological Evaluation (PEPE). The police chief should act in a manner that would not compromise the duties of the current police officers. However, it would be prudent if the police chief decided to select individual who will be good officers by employing the PEPE process. Kitaeff, (2011) argues that ethical concerns may compromise an attempt to weed out potentially bad officers, in addition to weakening the service in terms of human capital. Dr. Shayleigh Johnson, a police psychological professional, ought to understand all the job analytic information applicable to the intended position. In addition, before administering any psychological instruments, she should disclose information regarding the goals of the evaluation. According to Brown, (2010), the psychologist should employ a written test battery that would serve as an aptitude test measuring the skills for all applicants. Dr. Johnson would then conduct face-to-face interviews with the applicants to verify the results obtained from the written test battery and clinical assessment (Brown, 2010). Disclosure would involve obtaining an informed consent and explaining the limits of confidentiality. The forensic examiner ought to explain to the applicants that the recruiting agency is the client and how they intend to use the information obtained from the evaluation. The limits of confidentiality would involve outlining individuals authorized to access the psychological information obtained and evaluation results. Brown, (2010) convincingly argue that a fitness-for-duty evaluation (FFDE) analysis the ability of an employee to apply both mental and physical capabilities to perform the duties as set in the employment contract. The FFDE initiates by validating its objectives through disclosing all the relevant information to the applicant. Such information includes obtaining an informed consent and explaining the responsibility of the examiner towards upholding confidentiality. In addition, the examiner may conduct various psychological tests to obtain objective information from the applicant. The examiner may utilize intelligence tests to measure the applicant’s intelligence. In addition, occupational tests may provide information regarding the applicant’s interests in known careers. The examiner provides a detailed report of the findings and debriefs the applicants. The FFDE may indicate that some applicants are fit for duty while others require further assessment. The report should indicate applicants whose mental and physical abilities match the skills required for the job and those who require rehabilitation and counseling (Brown, 2010). ReferencesBrown, J. (2010). The Cambridge handbook of forensic psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge Universit y Press. Top of FormBottom of FormKitaeff, J. (2011). Handbook of police psychology. New York: Routledge.

How to Build a Great Dental Assistant Resume (Examples Included)

How to Build a Great Dental Assistant Resume (Examples Included) Whether you’re looking to become a newbie dental assistant or you’ve just finished your 5000th gentle reminder to patients about flossing regularly, it’s important to hit all the right notes in your resume. Consider resume maintenance a kind of career flossing: it needs to be done if you want to avoid more work and aggravation later. Let’s look at how to build a dental assistant resume at different stages: one entry level, one experienced in the field, and one about to move up to the next level of becoming a dental hygienist. First up: Barry, who’s looking for his first job as a dental assistant.Download This Resume in MS WordBarry Schwartz123 Street Drive, Apt. 2Springfield, MO 44444(333) 123s)How to Write a Perfect Occupational Therapist ResumeHow to Write a Perfect Physician Assistant Resume (Examples Included)How to Write a Perfect Receptionist Resume (Examples Included)How to Create a Perfect Retail ResumeHow to Write a Perfect Sales Associate Resume (Examples Included)How to Write a Perfect Social Worker Resume (Examples Included)How to Write a Perfect Truck Driver Resume (With Examples)

Consultant report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Consultant report - Assignment Example ive management of time, all necessary activities are most likely to finally come to a halt and thus, result in increasing work stress (Hosseini, Nourbakhsh & Sepasi, 2013). Specifically, in cases of present world business scenarios, time is given a premium priority. In this context, the ‘Pareto Principle’ comes into the picture. This principle was mainly implemented with the intention of improvising the studies related to management principles and techniques (Backhaus, 1980). Multiple managers of big business organizations find this principle very effective in terms of problem identification and controlling the functional factors, which directly or indirectly contribute towards the effective utilization of resources. As per this particular principle, effective allocation of input resources significantly helps in bringing about improvements in the quality of output (Huffstutter & Smith, 1989). There are various other models and theories that have been developed gradually and even chronically in pursuit to manage time more efficiently and minimize the level of stress amid the workforce to the desirable extent (Bickford, 2005). Few of the most prominent theories and models will be assessed in the discussion henceforth, providing effective consulting to the organization involved in offering financial services and functionalities in to a substantial volume of customers. As the organization has been witnessing rising demand from its customers’ end, greater work pressure is burdened over the employees, which in turn increases their stress making it more challenging for them to manage their time efficiently. Hence, this consultation paper will aim at assisting the organization with certain remedial strategies to manage the stress level amid the existing workforce. Time management can be described as a process of effectively managing and scheduling time for successful completion of projects or activities. Depending on the functional complexity of this financial

Legal Framework in Employment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Legal Framework in Employment - Essay Example The burden to prove that the employee has been unfairly dismissed lies with the employer to give sufficient reasons to justify the dismissal. Employers have defences in law to justify their reasons and prove that the dismissal was fair. This was seen in (British Leyland (UK) Ltd v Swift, 1981), where the court held that the test that should be applied when determining whether there has been a fair dismissal was whether it was reasonable for the employer to have dismissed the employee on the basis of gross misconduct which had been found. The same was seen in (Iceland Frozen Foods Limited v Jones, 1983) where the band of reasonableness test was laid down. It was held that, in determining the fairness of dismissal, the employment tribunal ought to consider whether the conduct of the employer was reasonable. The provisions of the Employment Rights Act, 1996, protect employees under a contract of employment. One provision is involved that every employee has the right not to be unfairly dismissed by their employer, (Employment Relations Act 1996, s 94). Following this Act Craig is covered by the provisions of the Act, to claim a remedy for unfair dismissal under section 94. If employees want to qualify for protection under section 94, they must have been in continuous employment for a period that is not less than one year before the end of the effective date when their contract is terminated, (Employment Relations Act 1996, s 108). The issue of whether an employee would have been dismissed anyway irrespective of the procedural failings, was set forth in the Polkey rule, (Polkey v AE Dayton Services Ltd, 1987). The Employments Rights Act in section 94 makes provisions that employees have the right not to be unfairly dismissed from employment. procedural fairness examines whether the dismissal was carried out in a procedurally fair manner. This is in

Research of management systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Research of management systems - Essay Example However systems exist in all organization regardless of their acknowledgement in any form of description; similarly designs of process workflows are there even if they have not been dictated through a flow chart etc. This is especially true in smaller organizations where rules and conventions are followed without strict following of any dictated procedures. The multiplicity of styles of administration and autonomous best practices has come to be regarded as unwieldy for business on a communal level and there is now consensus that best practices should be standardised. The noblest organization that prescribes both generic and specific industrial practice standards is the International Standards Organization (ISO). ISO’s standard 9001:2000 defines a management system as ‘a set of interrelated or interacting elements to establish policy and objectives and to achieve those objectives’. The ISO 9000:2000 is used as the basis for drafting other standards; unfortunately there is a tendency among novice administrators to use a standard to design management systems. It should be stressed here that these standards define elements to be included in the design of a system of management in order for it to be compatible with an assessment operation. Characterization The need for systemization arises because of the plethora of requirements for reputable businesses these days. These requirements include being profitable, being competitive, aiming for horizontal expansion, adaptability, improvement and the incorporation of leading technologies. The concept of system of management is in reality a theory of how things are to be done rather than a description of the governance style and processes of an enterprise. Some generic objectives thought to be common to all corporate management systems include: Pursuit of business goals Improvement in understanding of ongoing processes and better handling of change Dissemination of information Compliance with laws, regu lations and standards Betterment of practices Consistency Effective Prioritizing And adaptation to change It could be argued that objective(s) should be added to the aforementioned list to have a point of reference for the other elements. But while all systems have some kind of orientation, not all have an objective. The Common Element - Improvement Another commonality of all systems of management is that they direct towards improvement. Not degrading in a changing environment is considered improvement in the philosophical sense. Even when corporations terminate or cut down development or growth programs, it is for a larger good. The only situation where a corporation could be said to be not pursuing progress is when it designs to inflict self-harm for no benefit of a parent entity or its shareholders. By referring to a ‘management system’, which as mentioned earlier is a manual of how things should be done’, as a system, the perceived purpose is mistook for a se t of policies and processes rather than an enabler of progress. All of ISO’s standards are based on the notion of improvement. Keeping these facts in mind, a concept of the basis for management systems was proposed called the Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) cycle. It was originally proposed by the pioneering statistician Walter Shewhart in the 1930s and elaborated effectively later on by the famous authority on quality assurance, Edwards Deming. The cycle is characterized by the following components: Planning to incorporate

Masters of the universe Essay Example for Free

Masters of the universe Essay 1.Statement of the problem The issue in the formation of Jupiter is how each company will treat their investment in the company. This paper will perform a consolidation analysis that follows the guidelines of the VIE model laid out in ASC 810-10. I will determine whether Jupiter is a Variable Interest Entity and who is the primary beneficiary. 2.Relevant Facts †¢Saturn and Venus, two unrelated parties, formed Jupiter, a joint venture †¢Saturn owns 51% and Venus owns 49%, contributing $561 and $539 (of manufacturing facilities) million respectively †¢The purpose of Jupiter is to own and operate organic clothing design and manufacturing facilities to sell organic clothing to unrelated retailers †¢Both companies received equity and debt securities for Jupiter †¢Board is split between Saturn and Venus (4 and 4) †¢Both companies can nominate individuals for CEO †¢Actions that can be passed with simple majority vote: appointment and removal of CEO, decisions for capital call contributions, admission of new joint venture members, and mergers and acquisitions †¢Saturn controls design, manufacturing, pricing and sales of the clothing †¢Venus controls all decisions regarding distributing clothing in fulfillment of sales negotiated by Saturn †¢Profits and losses are split by ownership percentage †¢Saturn and Venus are not related parties 3.Suggested Solution For the consolidation analysis of Jupiter, we will need to consider statements issued in regards to consolidations, Variable Interest Entities, and Joint Arrangements. The codification provides us first with guidance in Section 810-10 for identifying Variable Interest Entities. The formation is a VIE because it has 1 of the characters described in section 810-10-15-14.  The first of these is if the total equity investment at risk is not sufficient to permit the legal entity to finance its activities without additional subordinate financial support. Part 1 of the section describes this as entities significantly sharing in profits and losses such as in the creation of Jupiter. The agreement would not apply to the second subsection because they have voting rights, absorb losses and benefit from gains. Lastly the agreement would not apply to section 3 because both Saturn and Venus have voting rights proportionate to their obligations. Thus the formation created Jupiter, a Variable Inte rest Entity, and established Saturn and Venus as Variable Interest holders since they share in the obligation and benefits of the returns. In determining the primary beneficiary we turn to FIN 167, which was released in the Accounting Standards Update 2009-17 to update the previous guidance provided in FIN 46(R). The previous guidance was updated to include the concept of power when determining the primary beneficiary. Initially, the absorption of losses and benefit in gains was sufficient. Using this updated guidance we determine whether Saturn or Venus is a primary beneficiary. Statement 167 provides two characteristics they must possess. The first of these is the power to direct activities of a variable interest entity that most significantly impact the entities economic performance. In the case of shared power, there would be no primary beneficiary. The two parties do share power to direct activities; however, since Saturn has the ability to appoint of remove the CEO, make calls for capital contributions, admission of new joint members, and mergers and acquisitions with a majority vote I would argue that they have t he ability to direct activities that most significantly affect the financial performance of Jupiter. Because of this power, Saturn would be determined to have power. The second characteristic of a primary beneficiary is the obligation to absorb losses of the entity that could potentially be significant or to the right to receive benefits that could be significant. Given the 51% interest in the profits and losses of Jupiter, and the initial investment of over $500 million Saturn has potential significant gains or losses. Both Saturn and Venus have an obligation to absorb gains and losses; however, only Saturn has the power to control the activities that significantly impact the entity’s financial performance and as a result is the primary beneficiary. Saturn needs to  consolidate Jupiter into its financial statements. 4.Other Possibilities Following the guidance from Statement 167 can also lead to a different answer regarding the determination of a primary beneficiary. The paragraph regarding shared power allows no recognition of a primary beneficiary if the power to direct activities actually is shared. One could argue that this is the case in the formation of Jupiter since Venus controls all the decisions regarding distributing clothing in fulfillment of sales. This is a significant amount of power that could significantly impact the entity’s economic performance. This power would still be in effect regardless of the majority vote decisions. In the instance of shared power, no primary beneficiary has to be determined and Saturn would not consolidate Jupiter. Instead, according to section 810-10-50 Jupiter would be disclosed in the notes to the financial statements. Since few people look through disclosures and even fewer understand them, this method would allow the company to shield this entity from investors. 5.Discussion Although either method mentioned above could be supported, I believe it makes more sense for Saturn to consolidate. Its powers as a majority-voting shareholder to decide on the appointment of CEOs make capital contribution calls, admit new members, and conduct merger and acquisition activities are extremely important. Although Venus has the power over distribution decisions, they are still affected by the decisions over which it has no control. Looking at this transaction in terms of substance, it appears that Saturn has included these terms to guarantee their control over the Variable Interest Entity. In conclusion, I believe that Saturn should consolidate Jupiter into its financial information into their overall financial statements.

Hullabaloo within the Media of China and Tibet :: Government China Tibet Essays

Hullabaloo within the Media of China and Tibet Since the 19th century, relations between the Chinese government and the people of Tibet have continually been on the decline. While there are many issues which lie at the heart of this conflict, recent events have drawn more focus to the economic relationship between the two. In February 2001, China passed legislation giving the needed approval to begin construction on the controversial Qinghai-Tibet railway. Stretching from mainland China to Lhasa, the capital of the Tibetan Autonomous region, completion of 'the world's tallest railway' would join together two regions previously only connected by air and treacherous roads (WTNN par1-2, 7). This development, while fully supported by the Chinese government, is receiving heavy scrutiny from the people and the government of Tibet. This controversy does not revolve around the railway itself, but rather the effect it will have. In the wake of this debate, the challenge lies with the media to present a clear, unbiased report of the argume nts, without taking up sides. Examination of the Chinese nationalist press and the news reports from the Tibetan nationalist groups, as well as a glance at third party news sources, proves there is little media coverage which does not carry with it some undertones of a political or social nature. These underlying connotations, uniquely created to reach each target audience, function to affect the message received by the average reader. An analysis of the target audience of each media source reveals not only the type of undertone presented, but also its predicted effectiveness. In China, there is one national English language newspaper: China Daily. Because it is written in English, and as a result of its online availability, one can reasonably assume the target audience for this newspaper is most notably people residing outside of mainland China. On March 9, 2001, China Daily published an article providing quotes and excerpts from speeches made by deputies of the National People's Congress (NPC) and members of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) during their annual session. Among the speakers on the topic of new railway development was Lobsang Gyaincain, an NPC deputy and the mayor of Lhasa, the capital city of Tibet. In his address, he highlights the benefits of building the Qinghai-Tibet railway, citing its ability to "enhance exchanges between ethnic groups, reinforce economic development in Western China, and modernize the concepts and styles of Tibet while not posing a threat on people's religious beliefs" (China Daily 4,6).

Principles That Define the Culutral Level of Analysis Essay

Explain how principles that define CLOA may be demonstrated in research. ’ The first Principle states that Humans are information processors. Cognition refers to the mental tasks or thinking involved in human behavior. Thinking may involve memory, attention, perception, language and decision making at any one time. Cognitive psychologists see these cognitions are active systems; In between taking in and responding to information a number of processes are at work. Information can be transformed; reduced, elaborated, filtered, manipulated, selected, organized, stored and retrieved Therefore the human mind is seen as active system processing information, and cognitive psychologist’s aim to study these processes. Central to this information processing approach is the computer metaphor. One of the difficulties facing cognitive psychologists is that they were trying to study processes that are not directly observable. Consequently the computer revolution of the 1950 provided the terminology and metaphor they needed. People, like computers, acquire information from the environment (input). Both people and computers store information and retrieve it when applicable to current tasks; both are limited in the amount of information they can process at a given time; both transform information to produce new information; both return information to the environment (output). This information processing approach was adopted by Atkinson and Shiffrin in their Multistore Model of memory (1968). This model sees memory as an active process. Information flows in through the sensory stage (input). It then flows to the short-term memory before it is transferred to long term memory where it can be stored and later retrieved. A further example of information processing is the organization of information into schemas in the LTM. Schemas are mental models of the world. Information in LTM is stored in interrelated networks of these schemas and these schemas can affect retrieval. Simply put, schema theory states that all knowledge is organized into units. Within these units of knowledge, or schemata, is stored information. A schema, then, is a generalized description or a conceptual system for understanding knowledge-how knowledge is represented and how it is used. According to this theory, schemata represent knowledge about concepts: objects and the relationships they have with other objects, situations, events, sequences of events, actions, and sequences of actions. A simple example is to think of your schema for dog. Within that schema you most likely have knowledge about dogs in general (bark, four legs, teeth, hair, and tails) and probably information about specific dogs, such as collies (long hair, large, Lassie) or springer spaniels (English, docked tails, liver and white or black and white, Millie). You may also think of dogs within the greater context of animals and other living things; that is, dogs breathe, need food, and reproduce. Your knowledge of dogs might also include the fact that they are mammals and thus are warm-blooded and bear their young as opposed to laying eggs. Depending upon your personal experience, the knowledge of a dog as a pet (domesticated and loyal) or as an animal to fear (likely to bite or attack) may be a part of your schema. And so it goes with the development of a schema. Each new experience incorporates more information into one’s schema. The second principle of CLOA states that the mind can be studied scientifically. Cognitive processes are difficult to study. They often occur rapidly, and inside the mind so they cannot be observed directly. It is only the responses that participants make when given some cognitive task to perform that can tell us about cognitive processes. These tasks usually take place under tightly controlled lab experiments where the main aim is to isolate a particular component of the cognitive process for the study. One of the earliest and most famous experiments into cognitive processes is the Stroop Effect. The Stroop effect is a phenomena involved in attentional processes. Although we will actually focus on the process of memory this is a good study to look at. People are often introduced to the Stroop Effect in beginning psychology classes as they learn about how their brains process information. It demonstrates the effects of interference, processing speed (reaction time) and automaticity in divided attention. The effect is named after John Ridley Stroop who first published the effect in English in 1935. In his experiments, J. R. Stroop administered several variations of the same test for which three different kinds of stimuli were created. In the first one, names of colors appeared in black ink. In the second, names of colors appeared in a different ink than the color named. Finally in the third one, there were squares of a given color. In the first experiment, 1 and 2 were used. The task required the participants to read the written color names of the words independently of the color of the ink (for example, they would have to read â€Å"purple† no matter what the color of its ink was). In the second experiment, stimulus 2 and 3 were used, and participants were required to say the color of the letters independently of the written word with the second kind of stimulus and also name the color of the dot squares. If the word â€Å"purple† was written in red, they would have to say â€Å"red†, but not â€Å"purple†; when the squares were shown, the participant would have to say its color. Stroop, in the third experiment, tested his participants at different stages of practice at the tasks and stimulus used in the first and second experiments, to account for the effects of association. Stroop noted that participants took much longer to complete the color reading in the second task than they had taken to name the colors of the squares in Experiment 2. This delay had not appeared in the first experiment. Such interference was explained by the automation of reading, where the mind automatically determines the semantic meaning of the word (it reads the word â€Å"red† and thinks of the color â€Å"red†), and then must intentionally check itself and identify instead the color of the word (the ink is a color other than red), a process that is not automatized. This is a classic laboratory experiment that involves the manipulation of an independent variable (colour or name of word) to see what effect it has on the dependent variable (reaction time). It attempts to control the influence of all other extraneous variables – such as other cognitive processes or skills. It also allows us to establish a cause and effect relationship between task and mental process. The strengths of the experiment are that it got valid results but however was still very unethical which not usuall in psychology is. One more strength is that it is an easy experiment which does not need a lot of input to carry out. The study can be considered cross cultural as any human would act the same in this situation. Obviously the reaction times would be different but in the end anyone would take longer to read the words writte in a different colour. Cognitive processes are influenced by social and cultural factors, is the statement which forms the third principle. Although cognitive tasks such as memory and attention are universal, there are cross cultural variations in processing mechanisms. Bartlett’s study demonstrates how memory can be distorted by cultural schemas. Schemas are representations of knowledge based on experience. In his study in which British participants were asked to recall a native American folktale. He found that the story of ‘The War of the Ghosts’ was difficult for Western people to reproduce exactly because of its cultural content which was unfamiliar to them so in fact they encoded the meaning of the story adapted to their existing cultural schemas. As a result Bartlett concluded that interpretation plays a large role in remembering events or stories. We reconstruct the past and try to make it fit into our schemata, the more difficult this is to do, the more likely it is that elements are forgotten or distorted so that it fits and remembering is integrally related to the social and cultural context in which it is practiced. Cole and Scribner (1974) studied memory skills in both American and Liberian children. They argued that cognitive processes are universal but not cognitive skills. Cognitive skills are dependent on the environment – education, social interaction, culture and technologies make up the environment they observed the effects formal schooling / education (culture) had on memory they compared recall of a series of words in the US and amongst the Kpelle people using word lists that were culturally specific. They found that in general educated Kpelle children performed better in the recall of list than no educated Kpelle children and those overall American children performed better than Kpelle children. Although this could be interpreted as memory skills being better amongst Americans children than Kpelle (African) children such an interpretation would overlook the influence of culture. Western schooling emphasizes certain cognitive strategies such as clustering / categorizing. It is unlikely such parallels exist in traditional societies like the Kpelle People learn to remember in ways that are relevant for their everyday lives, and these do not always mirror the activities that cognitive psychologists use to investigate mental processes The strengths of this lab study are that it was carried out ethically and the with the results we can almost confirm the cross cultural validity but of course we cant confirm it with 100% as exceptions will always be there. The applications of this study are basically already demonstrated within the study as it can be used for memory in schools or even at a working place.

“Red Velvet Dress” by Naomi Shihab Nye Essay

In the short story â€Å"Red Velvet Dress† by Naomi Shihab Nye, Lena is a girl with a father who is Arab. This story really made me think about what it would be like to just be sitting at home when someone comes up to me and asks me questions about my family. I think that it would make me feel quite uncomfortable, such as it made Lena in the story. Although I have never been asked if there was a â€Å"Japanese† in my house or an â€Å"Irish†. This story made me think of a time that my mother picked up the phone and a total stranger started talking in Japanese to her. Everyone in my family was freaked out that someone who didn’t ever knew us would know that huge detail about my mother. I would think that’s how Lena felt when those two children that she had never seen before, let alone talked to, suddenly knew this part of her and her family that some of her friends didn’t even know. It almost seems as if total strangers would know that about y ou, then what else would they know? Would they know that I have an older sister? Would they know that some of my cousins are in the army? I suppose I would react the same way that Lena did, just close the door in his or her face after saying, no there is no person like that here. My favorite part of the story though is when Lena confesses to her father that she lied to those children at the door, and he forgave her. The kindly man even said that it might be fun sometime to give the children a show if they ever came back. I think this shows a lot about his character, how he seems to be jolly, forgiving, and definitely not one to hold a grudge against someone else. Also in the way that Lena describes him, her father seems like a hard workingman, yet a man that always has time for his family, such as throwing the ball around with Lena’s little brother. Altogether, I loved this story about a girl named Lena and her family.

Humpback Whales Essays

Humpback Whales Essays Humpback Whales Essay Humpback Whales Essay General Description: A. Body Symmetry: Bilateral B. Particular Pigments or Color: Dark Grey with lighter underbelly ; fins and good lucks are gray and spotted with white C. Habitat: ( Zone ) Benthic and coastal ( Geographic ) : From Alaska to the Caribbean D. Specific Features: 1 ) Reproduction: Polygamous ; Seasonal engendering 2 ) Feeding Techniques: Filter feeders ; Bubble gauze. Ring of froth. Lunging. 3 ) Defense Techniques: Kyphosiss have few marauders other than worlds. and don’t have any defensive techniques. Some of the largest animate beings on Earth are the gentlest. The kyphosis giant is a leading illustration of gentle. with its diet. behaviour. and complete deficiency of natural marauders. Whales as a species are typically depicted as big animate beings. apprehensible with the smallest member of the species. the dwarf sperm giant. mensurating on mean 9 pess and weighing in at around 400 lbs. The kyphosis. nevertheless. is one of the largest giants. coming in merely behind the fin whale and bluish giants. Kyphosiss are anyplace from 48 to 63 pess long and weigh an norm of 40 dozenss. They’re recognizable by their big. dark gray organic structures with a hump shaped dorsal five and remarkably long white thoracic fives. The humpback’s genus name. Magaptera Novaengliae. means big-winged. New Englander because the largest settlement of giants was along the nor-east seashore of the United States in the Atlantic. But humpback giants are besides found immensely between California and Russia. They are migratory marine mammals. and frequently spend their summers in high latitude countries such as the Gulfs of Maine or Alaska. and so swim South to engender in the semitropical Waterss in the Dominican Republic and Hawaiian Islands. The kyphosis really holds the record for farthest migration of any mammal. The longest recorded migration was 5. 160 stat mis from Costa Rica to Antarctica by a cod of 7 giants. The big-winged New Englander’s diet consists of largely little beings even though they are such big animate beings. Kyphosiss belong to the subdivision of giants known as Mysticeti or baleen giants. Baleen giants do non hold dentitions. they have baleen which are teeth-like bristles that help the giant to filtrate little fish and crustaceans from the H2O for the giant to eat. Baleen giants like the kyphosis live on a diet of little fish. salmon. herring. krill. and other crustaceans. To counterbalance for its size. a humpback giant must intake about 3000 lbs of nutrient per twenty-four hours. Kyphosiss are really societal animals that travel in cods. and in order to acquire this much nutrient for the full cod. they hunt as a group. They don’t Hunt like toothed giants. but brutally assailing their quarry. but they will hurl at their quarry when the baffled beings are trapped in a elephantine bubble cyberspace. Bubble gauze is when a cod of giants swim around a school of fish and exhale through their blowholes. bring forthing bubbles. and frightening their quarry into a little ball by slapping their fins and making loud vocal sounds. Speaking of kyphosiss being really societal animate beings. they are besides extremely recognized by their impressive aerial shows across the surface of the H2O in malice of their huge weight. Breaching is a popular and well-known fast one of all giants. It is when a whale launches themselves above the H2O. frequently writhing in midair. and sprinkling back down on their sides. Scientists aren’t precisely certain why. but it is speculated that it could be an alternate method of communicating every bit good as an option to spyhopping. Spyhopping is when a giant swims vertically to the surface and exposes merely every bit much of their caput so as to hold their eyes above H2O in order to look into their milieus. This could really good be why tourist ships get so many exposures of giants transgressing. Other whale behaviours include slapping the H2O with its overtly big thoracic fives and belly-flipping. Belly-flipping is merely when a giant lies on its dorsum in the H2O and slaps the H2O with one fin at a clip. These behaviours have been seen during wooing and eating. Humpback giants are polygamous animate beings. with the males viing for sharply for oestrous females. Engendering takes topographic point in the winter and in tropical Waterss. The gestation period for kyphosiss is 11 to 12 months. but the female parent merely gives birth to one calf at a clip. The calf will remain by its mother’s side for 2 to 3 old ages. and make sexual adulthood at about 4 to 5 old ages old. Females typically produce offspring every 2 old ages but can deliver 2 calves in 3 old ages. Since the giants are mammals. the female gives birth to a unrecorded calf and so breastfeeds for approximately 5 months. Kyphosiss are non territorial. but calves are besides to be protected at all costs. Therefore. it makes sense that these soft giants are merely of all time non so soft when viing for a mate. and when they believe an outside giant poses a menace to the pod’s calves’ safety. In the cod. Escort giants may swim with a calf and its female parent. The Escort giant. ( most are male ) . may blow bubbles to make a screen’ when exterior kyphosiss get excessively near. They besides show aggression on juncture when boats and ships get excessively near. Such aggressive behaviour may include organic structure threshing. horizontal tail-lashing. and lobtailing. Lobtailing is fundamentally tail slapping. which can make a batch of harm sing the strength in the humpback’s big white and gray good lucks. By and large talking. cods are more aggressive than single giants. Humpback’s are possibly most well-known for their hauntingly beautiful and cryptic whale vocals. They are the lone giants that do so. and scientists have yet to decode what they mean. However. we are cognizant that their melodic whalesong are evidently agencies of pass oning to fellow giants. The vocals can last for over 20 proceedingss and go on for more than 24 hours per session. Male kyphosiss have besides been known to sing in order to pull couples. For a chilling century. kyphosis giants were high on the endangered species list. It is merely late that these graceful and soft giants have accumulated one time once more to a healthy population of at least 80. 000 giants. Economically. kyphosiss are fantastic tourer attractive forces for the coastal provinces as they’re the favourites of whale spectators. It is better that money is made from watching them than money being made for their meat. whalebone. tegument. and oil. every bit good as their very being.

Free Essays on The Rise Of Totalitarianism

The Rise of Totalitarianism Totalitarianism is any political system in which a citizen is totally subject to a governing authority in all aspects of day-to-day life. It goes well beyond dictatorship or typical police state measurers. Totalitarianism involves constant indoctrination achieved by propaganda to erase any potential for dissent, by anyone, including most especially the agents of government. Historically, totalitarian regimes have surpassed authoritarian ones in size and in power. State control of all television, radio, and every other mass media makes it easy for totalitarian regimes to make their presence felt, often through campaigns of propaganda or the creation of a personality cult. Some nations, such as Britain and France, continued to use a modified form of democracy to attempt to solve their social and economic issues. Germany's attempt at democracy eventually transformed itself into Hitler's autocratic regime, and in Soviet Russia, Stalin was in power as the Russian dictator by 1924. While many blame state-backed terror for the rise of totalitarianism, it is difficult to deny that the regimes of Hitler and Stalin were totally unpopular among their respective masses. We must not forget that both Hitler and Stalin gained power through the plebiscite. We can make the argument that totalitarianism rose as an alternative method of government, economic, and social recovery to compliment that of democracy. We can say within a certain degree that the inherent instability of the nation-state following World War I inevitable led to the rise of totalitarianism. We can easily draw parallels between the rise of 20th century autocracy and absolute power (totalitarianism) and the absolute power that was observed after the initial birth and early acceptance of the nation-state concept in the 17th and 18th centuries. It can looked at that It totalitarianism is unique among all other forms of autocracy and nationalism i... Free Essays on The Rise Of Totalitarianism Free Essays on The Rise Of Totalitarianism The Rise of Totalitarianism Totalitarianism is any political system in which a citizen is totally subject to a governing authority in all aspects of day-to-day life. It goes well beyond dictatorship or typical police state measurers. Totalitarianism involves constant indoctrination achieved by propaganda to erase any potential for dissent, by anyone, including most especially the agents of government. Historically, totalitarian regimes have surpassed authoritarian ones in size and in power. State control of all television, radio, and every other mass media makes it easy for totalitarian regimes to make their presence felt, often through campaigns of propaganda or the creation of a personality cult. Some nations, such as Britain and France, continued to use a modified form of democracy to attempt to solve their social and economic issues. Germany's attempt at democracy eventually transformed itself into Hitler's autocratic regime, and in Soviet Russia, Stalin was in power as the Russian dictator by 1924. While many blame state-backed terror for the rise of totalitarianism, it is difficult to deny that the regimes of Hitler and Stalin were totally unpopular among their respective masses. We must not forget that both Hitler and Stalin gained power through the plebiscite. We can make the argument that totalitarianism rose as an alternative method of government, economic, and social recovery to compliment that of democracy. We can say within a certain degree that the inherent instability of the nation-state following World War I inevitable led to the rise of totalitarianism. We can easily draw parallels between the rise of 20th century autocracy and absolute power (totalitarianism) and the absolute power that was observed after the initial birth and early acceptance of the nation-state concept in the 17th and 18th centuries. It can looked at that It totalitarianism is unique among all other forms of autocracy and nationalism i...

Edwin V. Sumner - Civil War - Union - Major General

Edwin V. Sumner - Civil War - Union - Major General Edwin V. Sumner - Early Life Career: Born January 30, 1797 in Boston, MA, Edwin Vose Sumner was the son of Elisha and Nancy Sumner. Attending the West and Billercia Schools as a child, he received his later education at the Milford Academy. Pursuing a mercantile career, Sumner moved to Troy, NY as a young man. Quickly tiring of business, he successfully sought a commission in the US Army in 1819. Joining the 2nd US Infantry on March 3 with the rank of second lieutenant, Sumners commissioning was facilitated by his friend Samuel Appleton Storrow who was serving on the staff of Major General Jacob Brown. Three years after entering the service, Sumner married Hannah Foster. Promoted to first lieutenant on January 25, 1825, he remained in the infantry. Edwin V. Sumner - Mexican-American War: In 1832, Sumner took part in the Black Hawk War in Illinois. A year later, he received a promotion to captain and transferred to the 1st US Dragoons. Proving a skilled cavalry officer, Sumner moved to Carlisle Barracks in 1838 to serve as an instructor. Teaching at the cavalry school, he remained in Pennsylvania until taking an assignment at Fort Atkinson, IA in 1842. After serving as the posts commander through 1845, he was promoted to major on June 30, 1846 following the beginning of the Mexican-American War. Assigned to Major General Winfield Scotts army the following year, Sumner took part in the campaign against Mexico City. On April 17, he earned a brevet promotion to lieutenant colonel for his performance at the Battle of Cerro Gordo. Struck in the head by a spent round during the fighting, Sumner gained the nickname Bull Head. That August, he oversaw American reserve forces during the Battles of Contreras and Churubusco before being brevetted to colonel for his actions during the Battle of Molino del Rey on September 8. Edwin V. Sumner - Antebellum Years: Promoted to lieutenant colonel of the 1st US Dragoons on July 23, 1848, Sumner remained with the regiment until being appointed military governor of the New Mexico Territory in 1851. In 1855, he received a promotion to colonel and command of the newly-formed US 1st Cavalry at Fort Leavenworth, KS. Operating in the Kansas Territory, Sumners regiment worked to maintain peace during the Bleeding Kansas crisis as well as campaigned against the Cheyenne. In 1858, he assumed command of the Department of the West with his headquarters at St. Louis, MO. With the beginning of the secession crisis following the election of 1860, Sumner advised president-elect Abraham Lincoln to remain armed at all times. In March, Scott directed him to escort Lincoln from Springfield, IL to Washington, DC. Edwin V. Sumner - The Civil War Begins: With the dismissal of Brigadier General David E. Twiggs for treason in early 1861, Sumners name was put forward by Lincoln for elevation to brigadier general. Approved, he was promoted on March 16 and directed to relieve Brigadier General Albert S. Johnston as commander of the Department of the Pacific. Departing for California, Sumner remained on the West Coast until November. As a result, he missed the early campaigns of the Civil War. Returning east, Sumner was selected to lead the newly-formed II Corps on March 13, 1862. Attached to Major General George B. McClellans Army of the Potomac, II Corps began moving south in April to take part in the Peninsula Campaign. Advancing up the Peninsula, Sumner directed Union forces at the inconclusive Battle of Williamsburg on May 5. Though criticized for his performance by McClellan, he was promoted to major general. Edwin V. Sumner - On the Peninsula: As the Army of the Potomac neared Richmond, it was attacked at the Battle of Seven Pines by General Joseph E. Johnstons Confederate forces on May 31. Outnumbered, Johnston sought to isolate and destroy the Union III and IV Corps which were operating south of the Chickahominy River. Though the Confederate assault did not materialize as initially planned, Johnstons men put Union troops under heavy pressure and ultimately flanked the southern wing of IV Corps. Responding to the crisis, Sumner, on his own initiative, directed Brigadier General John Sedgwicks division across the rain-swollen river. Arriving, they proved critical in stabilizing the Union position and turning back subsequent Confederate attacks. For his efforts at Seven Pines, Sumner was brevetted to major general in the regular army. Though inconclusive, the battle saw Johnston wounded and replaced by General Robert E. Lee as well as McClellan halt his advance on Richmond. Having gained the strategic initiative and seeking to relieve pressure on Richmond, Lee attacked Union forces on June 26 at Beaver Dam Creek (Mechanicsville). Beginning the Seven Days Battles, it proved a tactical Union victory. Confederate attacks continued the next day with Lee triumphing at Gaines Mill. Beginning a retreat toward the James River, McClellan complicated the situation by frequently being away from the army and not appointing a second-in-command to oversee operations in his absence. This was due to his low opinion of Sumner who, as senior corps commander, would have received the post. Attacked at Savages Station on June 29, Sumner fought a conservative battle, but succeeded in covering the retreat of the army. The following day, his corps played a role in the larger Battle of Glendale. In the course of the fighting, Sumner received a minor wound in the arm. Edwin V. Sumner - Final Campaigns: With the failure of the Peninsula Campaign, II Corps was ordered north to Alexandria, VA to support Major General John Popes Army of Virginia. Though nearby, the corps technically remained part of Army of the Potomac and McClellan controversially refused to allow it to advance to Popes aid during the Second Battle of Manassas in late August. In the wake of the Union defeat, McClellan took command in northern Virginia and soon moved to intercept Lees invasion of Maryland. Advancing west, Sumners command was held in reserve during the Battle of South Mountain on September 14. Three days later, he led II Corps onto the field during the Battle of Antietam. At 7:20 AM, Sumner received orders to take two divisions to the aid of I and XII Corps which had become engaged north of Sharpsburg. Selecting those of Sedgwick and Brigadier General William French, he elected to ride with the former. Advancing west towards the fighting, the two divisions became separated. Despite this, Sumner pushed forward with the goal of turning the Confederate right flank. Operating with the information on hand, he attacked into the West Woods but soon came under fire from three sides. Quickly shattered, Sedgwicks division was driven from the area. Later in the day, the remainder of Sumners corps mounted a series of bloody and unsuccessful assaults against Confederate positions along a sunken road to the south. In the weeks after Antietam, command of the army passed to Major General Ambrose Burnside who began reorganizing its structure. This saw Sumner elevated to lead the Right Grand Division which consisted of II Corps, IX Corps, and a division of cavalry led by Brigadier General Alfred Pleasonton. In this arrangement, Major General Darius N. Couch assumed command of II Corps. On December 13, Sumner led his new formation during the Battle of Fredericksburg. Tasked with frontally assaulting Lieutenant General James Longstreets fortified lines atop Maryes Heights, his men moved forward shortly before noon. Attacking through the afternoon, Union efforts were repulsed with heavy losses. Continued failures on the part of Burnside in the following weeks saw him replaced with Major General Joseph Hooker on January 26, 1863. The oldest general in the Army of the Potomac, Sumner asked to be relieved shortly after Hookers appointment due to exhaustion and frustration with infighting among the Union officers. Appointed to a command in the Department of the Missouri shortly thereafter, Sumner died of a heart attack on March 21 while in Syracuse, NY to visit his daughter. He was buried in the citys Oakwood Cemetery a short time later. Selected Sources Territorial Kansas: Edwin V. SumnerCivil War: Edwin V. Sumner Civil War Reference: Edwin Sumner